The Circulation of Blood in the Human Body Essay

The Circulation of Blood in the Human Body - Essay Example Each side of the heart has its designated functions in the circulation of blood. The right side pumps blood that is deficient in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood). The blood is pumped to the lungs where oxygenation takes place. The process involves the loss of carbon dioxide to the air through the breathing process and absorption of oxygen (Storad, 2005). The oxygen is transported by the red cells in the blood, also called erythrocytes. The left side of the muscular organ pumps oxygenated blood flowing from the lungs to the other parts of the body. The technical role of the heart in the circulation of the blood is as illustrated in the video in figure 2. As can be noted from the video, the blood from the left side of the heart does not mix with that on the right side. If this happened, oxygenated blood would be deoxygenated by the high levels of carbon dioxide in the right side of the heart. The blood deficient in oxygen is circulated from the other parts of the body where respiration has taken place to the heart through the venacava (Rogers, 2011). The venacava is divided into two parts with the superior vein returning blood from the hands and the head to the heart while the inferior vein carries blood to the heart from the other parts of the body. The oxygen deficient blood flows into the right atrium because the pressure of the atrium is low based on the contraction action of the heart.

Exam two Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exam two - Case Study Example It is essential to note that the authors have provided the basic building blocks for management theories and their ideas are effective even now and this is clear from the examples like United Parcel Services which implements the ideas of the authors. The ideas form a basis for building the efficiency on automation, computerization and also scientific management principles and for relatively larger organizations ideas like the fixed hierarchy of authority, and division of labor and defined regulations still hold good in the current work environments. Hence these theories are very effective. i) Centralized approach: In terms of the centralized approach, there decision making is strong, authoritarian and in a number of cases this is also charismatic. Also here all the controls follow the top-down method hence making the execution decisive and coordinated along with being really fast as well. This method is also helpful in dealing with major issues and changes (Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn). However this can prove to be a disadvantage as well as the top management will not always have a clear picture of the events and working conditions in different locations and this can hence lead to issues as well. ii) Decentralized Approach: On the other hand considering the decentralized approach, it is essential to note that this method uses a bottom – up approach and concentrates on the culture and also learning dynamics (Ricky W Griffin). This method is also based on democratic and participative decision making which is very useful as it deals with all issues and tasks at hand locally without the interference of any management which is not present in the place. The decentralized business approach used in companies extends possible business opportunities for the entire business in terms of product improvement, design, research and expansion. The drawback of using this method is that it can lead to the division of

Myringotomy And Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion General Anaesthesia Nursing Essay

Myringotomy And Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion General Anaesthesia Nursing Essay I am a student anaesthetic practitioner with a clinical placement in an acute hospital. I will be reflecting on my personal experience with a 20 year old patient who underwent a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion procedure wherein a local anaesthetic was used and had failed, and prompting the case to be done under general anaesthesia. The operation was deemed necessary by the consultant as the patient was diagnosed with recurrent Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), see Appendix A [on page 23], because it will eventually help to correct his hearing loss and prevent further deterioration as stated by Woolfson and McCafferty 1993. Following the NMC Code of Conduct (2008) on Confidentiality of patients information, I will refer to patient as Mr. B. I will be using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle which is shown in Appendix B as the framework of my reflection Jasper (2003). It will highlight how researching further led to a better understanding of surgery and anaesthetics and to know how to respond if the same situation happens again. Mr. B. had been admitted in the ward at noontime of the surgery. He was seen by the anaesthetist to carry out a preoperative assessment. According to the anaesthetist, he is generally fit for surgery and does not pose as an anaesthetic risk. The anaesthetist discussed with him about her plan to give him a general anaesthesia, but he asked the anaesthetist if the operation can be done without having a general anaesthetic because he prefers to remain awake. The consultant surgeon also came in and explained the surgery. He was allowed to undertake a local anaesthetic provided that he cooperate well and if the local anaesthetic is unsuccessful, an alternative anaesthetics will be used, that is a general anaesthesia. The surgeon and anaesthetist explained what he will experience with local anaesthetics like a burning sensation in his ears, including possibly a degree of pain. Any anaesthetic may arise complications and that other types of anaesthetic is not sufficient for the surgery and therefore needs to be changed to a general anaesthetic at any time (Box Hill Hosp. Dept. of Anaesthesia, 2001). A written consent was obtained by the surgeon from Mr. B. The Department of Health Guidelines (2007) on Consent states that Informed Consent ensures the patient has full knowledge of the procedure because it is fully explained to the patient by the surgeon. The patient is also given the time to ask any questions he may have and voice any concerns and honest answers must be provided. I was assigned in the ENT theatre for the afternoon session which has three booked cases. The operating department practitioner (ODP) and I did the necessary checks in the anaesthetic room and safely prepared the anaesthetic materials and equipment in preparation of the list (AAGBI 2004). I also checked the safe and correct functionality of the anaesthesia machine and refilled drugs in the anaesthetic cupboards. Shields and Werder (2002) said that adequate preparation of the anaesthetic equipment, resources and patient is essential to the provision of safe anaesthetic care. The team members gathered to initiate a preoperative briefing. During the briefing, the surgeon mentioned about the order of the list. Mr. B will be done last as he is a private case anyway. After finishing the first two cases, the ODP and I went to the waiting area of patients to fetch Mr. B. I introduced myself and checked his identity. Then I checked that all preoperative preparations were done and documented. The consent form was confirmed to him that it was his signature and dated. As the patient was having a Myringotomy and Bilateral Ear Grommets Insertion, the site of his procedure was not marked. For most procedure, this is an important check. The National Patient Safety Alert NPSA (2005) recommend that by marking the site for the operation with an arrow using a permanent marker will assist in reducing the incidents of wrong site surgery being performed. I also checked him for any allergies, presence of any metalwork, prosthetic aids in his body, contact lenses, crowns and dentures and asked if he has any other significant surgery or illness. Then I accompanied him to the operating room and made him lay down comfortably. While conversing with him, I placed on the external non-invasive monitors such as the blood pressure, ECG and pulse oximeter. I tried to maintain a quiet and supportive environment. I sat beside him and continued to communicate with him as he looked anxious. Kumar (2 000) said that patients are apprehensive about what will happen and the anaesthetic practitioner needs to monitor patients anxiety level throughout the surgical procedure. Meanwhile, the circulating nurse initiated the Time Out check which is carried out in every operation to enhance a safe surgery (World Health Organisation Guidelines for Safe Surgery, 2008). The surgeon applied the local anaesthetic drug Ametop gel 4% onto Mr. Bs ears. Woolfson and McCafferty (1993) suggest that it should be instilled into the external ear canal using a soft, intravenous cannula and a 5ml syringe and performed under a microscope to ensure immediate contact of the gel with the entire ear drums and that the ear canal was filled and the depth of the gel provides self occlusion. According to the BNF (2010) Ametop is a topical local anaesthetic in gel form which contains Tetracaine base 40 mgs. believed to act by blocking nerve conduction mainly by inhibiting sodium ion flux across the axon membrane. The ester type caine anaesthetics are rapidly metabolised in blood mainly by plasma pseudocholinesterase. A slight erythema local skin reaction will be usually seen at the site of the application and as a result of the pharamacological action of tetracaine dilating the capillary vessels.This helps in delineating the anaesthetised area as explained by the National Library of Guidelines (2007). Adequate anaesthesia can usually be achieved following 30-60 minutes application time and anaesthesia is maintained for 4 to 6 hours in most patients after a single application. We waited only for about 30 minutes to anaesthetise his ears. While waiting, Mr. B became anxious as he was seen perspiring a lot. Everyone reassured him. The surgeon began cleaning and draping the area. Working with an operating microscope, the surgeon started to suction and made a small incision in his eardrum. Mr. B reacted to the pain but I encouraged him to keep still. The surgeon continued to suction the fluid present in the middle ear but Mr. B kept on moving his head because the pain was more intense. A tiny grommet was to be inserted into his surgical aperture but he refused as he cannot bear the intense pain. The surgeon stopped and asked the patient not to move if he wanted the operation to continue or if he cannot tolerate, he will be put to sleep instead. Mr. B and the whole team proceeded further as consented. The anaesthetist cannulated Mr. B. using a gauge 18 large bore venflon secured with a transparent and semi permeable dressing connected to a litre of Hartmanns solution which has been labelled and checked by the anaesthetist and the ODP as per NHS protocol for intravenous infusion, AfPP (2007). Clarke and Jones (1998) describes that a Hartmanns or sodium lactate or lactated ringers is a crystalloid type of intravenous fluid that will cross a semipermeable membrane, thus allowing movement of electrolytes to correct any imbalance. It contains calcium, chloride and lactate similar in composition to extracellular fluid as a balanced salt solution. The anaesthetist started the induction and an I-gel airway (see appendix C) was inserted. The surgery was resumed and carried out without any problems. Mr. B. was fully recovered and transferred back to the ward without complications. I felt disappointed because the result of this experience was clearly contrary to initial expectations. A minor operation like this can be done under local anaesthetics and is a quick procedure. It could have finished if only the patient cooperated well. Although this experience was frustrating for the patient as he requested to be awake during the procedure, still it went well and the treatment for a possible hearing loss and deterioration was done for him. The duties and responsibilities expected from me as an anaesthetic theatre practitioner were performed according to the policies and procedures of my clinical placement. The whole team cooperated well and performed their job accordingly. I have also found out a controversial issue regarding the Ametop gel which has aroused my doubt. Netdoctor (2004) points out that Ametop is a topical anaesthetic for dermal analgesia which must not to be applied to broken skin, mucous membrane or to the eyes or ears. Tetracaine gel could be ototoxic like other local anaesthetics and should not be introduced to the middle ear or use in procedures which might involve penetration into the middle ear. Therefore, Mr. B. might be at risk for ototoxicity. In addition to that, the local anaesthetic did not fail but it is because the surgeon did not wait longer enough until Mr. B was pain free before starting the surgery. A proper consent was secured earlier from him, thus, saved the time in securing a fresh consent. Moreover, it saved NHS resources akin to if the list was cancelled and rescheduled and along with the unsatisfactory hospital experience of Mr. B. The surgery could have been done quickly and safely under a most and effective local anaesthetic rather than topical and waiting for a clinically acceptable anaesthesia before commencing the surgery. I suggest that next time this event occurs again, I would tell the whole team in the preoperative briefing, to give ample time for the anaesthesia to take effect before we can start the surgery. I would also write an incident report so that a proper evaluation could be done and errors will be omitted in the future for the safety of the patient.

Andy Warhol :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

Andy Warhol "Paintings are too hard. The things I want to show are mechanical. Machines have less problems. I'd like to be a machine, wouldn't you?" Andy Warhol, 1963 Warhol was a modest artist and at time could be annoyingly blasà © towards his art. With a cheeky nature, Warhol is considered to be the most influential American artist of the second half of the 20th century. He has a signature style which he uses repeatedly in artworks, by using commercial silk-screening techniques to create identical, mass produced images on canvas then varying the color and tone to make each edition look different. Warhol was fascinated by Hollywood, fashion and style. He transferred this interest to his artwork, claiming not to see the difference between a museum and a department store. Blurring the distinction between art and life, he believed art could be fashion, decoration, and politics. Like his contemporaries Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, he borrowed images from popular culture for his artwork. He was also influenced by Marcel Duchamp, who took ordinary objects and displayed them as "readymade" works of art. His works also radically challenged high modernist ideas associated with the concept of originality and the role of the artist as an individual. Through this and through his obsession with money, fame, commercialism and mass culture he challenged high art, blurring the distinction between it and popular culture. He first applied his silk-screen techniques as a commercial artist in the 1950’s when a 5th avenue department store displayed his comic book superhero images. His initial entrance into Pop Art was in the early 60’s with his Coca-Cola Bottles and then sculpture of the brillo boxes which he replicated onto plywood boxes. By the completion of these 2 artworks one would establish that Warhol was challenging traditional notions of art by mechanically repeating a single image, mimicking the manufacturing industry and parodying mass consumption. Warhol’s subject matter went from one extreme to the other, one being a series titled: ‘Jews of the 20th century’, which is guess was Andy recognizing a repressed group and creating completely unassuming art about them. The other extreme being a series titled ‘Cowboys and Indians’ which yet again displays Andy’s childlike and innocent themes

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Introduction            E. coli is an abbreviation that stands for Escherichia coli which is a rod shaped, facultative, Gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is very common in the lower intestines of warm blooded animals. Although not all types E.coli bacterium are harmful, there are some stains that are known to cause serious food poisoning in human beings. The harmless E.coli strains are components of normal flora and produce vitamin k2. Moreover, they are important to humans because they inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines (Bill & Clark 2012:74). The gut flora is made up of 0.1% of E.coli and other related bacteria and is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral means. Many of E.coli cells can only survive for a short time outside the body making them good indicator organisms for testing environmental samples of fecal infection. However, recent research has discovered some strains of the E.coli bacteria that can survive for long periods of time outside the body.            The first case of E.coli outbreak in Germany was reported between May and June in 2011 and was largely concentrated in the northern parts of the country. According to German health officials, the foodborne illness was caused by a new strain of the E.coli bacteria known as O104:H4. The disease was mainly characterized by a number of complications like hemolytic-uremic syndrome  (HUS) and bloody diarrhea (Lan & Reeves 2002:84). The high number of deaths was mainly caused by hemolytic-uremic syndromes which require quick treatment. Initially, the outbreak was believed to have been caused by a strain of E.coli known as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) but future research found that the outbreak was in fact caused by enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Moreover, this strain of E.coli was found to have the ability to produce Shiga toxins. Initial epidemiological research had suggested that vegetables were the main source of infection. More specifically, the German agricultural m inisters identified one organic farm in Bienenbà ¼ttel as the most likely source of the infection. As a means of controlling the outbreak, the German government ordered for its immediate closure. Despite the fact that laboratories in Bienenbà ¼ttel did not detect the E.coli bacteria in produce, one laboratory in North Rhine-Westphalia later established that the outbreak strain was in fact present in packaged sprouts from the suspected farm. On June 30th 2011, fenugreek seed imported from Egypt were announced as the most likely source of the outbreak by the German  Bundesinstitut fà ¼r Risikobewertung (BfR)  (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Todar 2012: 29). The German E.coli outbreak affected 3,950 people in total and caused 51 deaths in the country alone. Other countries that were affected by the outbreak include the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland and Canada (Bill & Clark 2012: 93). At the beginning of the E.coli outbre ak, the German authorities claimed that the bacterium was most likely to have originated from Spain. Without carrying out any tests, the German health officials claimed that the O104 E.coli strain was most likely to have originated from cucumbers imported from Spain. However, future tests revealed that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak. This claim by the German officials provoked protests by the Spanish government because it made the country lose about 200 million USD per week in agricultural exports.            The 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany was the worst ever recorded case of shiga toxin producing Escherichia Coli outbreak in the world. The outbreak started on May 8th and was declared over by the German health officials on July 4th the same year. The outbreak could have been more serious if the government did not alert the public to avoid consuming foods from areas suspected to be the likely source of the bacteria. In 2011, Germany encountered the biggest episode of Stec cases ever recorded: what added up to 3,842 cases were accounted for, incorporating 2,987 instances of research facility affirmed E. coli gastroenteritis with 18 passings and 855 instances of hemolytic uremic syndrome (Hus) that prompted 35 lethal conclusions (Lan & Reeves 2002:93). The episode began on May 8, topped on May 22, and was proclaimed fulfilled by July 4. One could contend that open health measures halted the pandemic by alarming individuals to maintain a strategic distance from the util ization of debased sustenance, yet it is likewise conceivable that the plague ceased on the grounds that polluted sustenances were no more present in the business sectors. The procedure has been openly scrutinized for being too moderate and for beginning false press advertisements joining cucumbers and not sprouts to the episode. Reflectively, this feedback must be seen with some control. In the beginning of the episode, the average reporting times for Hus cases were 8 days to analysis, in the ballpark of 10 days to illuminate the nearby health section, and around the range of 12 days for showing up for the Robert Koch Institute (Rki) (3). In a U.S. study on E. coli O157 contaminations, a normal reporting time of 7 days was attained. There are two purposes behind the slower reporting process in Germany (Ihssen et al 2010:83) Germany has a less-brought together open health framework, and these cases introduced with an abnormal profile, facing medical practitioners with another clinic al substance. An early epidemiological examination comprised of a case-control study including 26 mature people hospitalized with Hus. Univariate dissection connected just the utilization of sprouts with sickness. Notwithstanding, no sprout cautioning was issued at the start of the episode, since stand out quarter of the patients recalled having depleted sprouts. Next was an accomplice investigation of 177 subjects who had consumed at a solitary restaurant, prompting 33 instances of affirmed Stec the runs. As per the restaurant formula, every one of the 31 cases that could be questioned had depleted uncooked sprouts. An arrangement of natural and follow back and follow send examinations by the German assignment gathering recognized an assembly of Swedish guests who had depleted a sprout mixture. This finding indicated a sprout maker in easier Saxony, Germany, where in May one-third of the workers fell sick, with some of them contaminated with the pestilence strain O104:h4 (Lan & Ree ves 2002:102). The following pieces in this perplex were the wholesalers served by this grow maker, joining further groups to sprouts. Strikingly, the German sprout maker had a seed supplier that could be joined to 15 instances of O104:h4 contaminations in Bordeaux, France. These cases were clearly additionally connected with sprout utilization. The beat field gel electrophoresis example of the French disconnects was indistinguishable to that from the German flare-up however unique in relation to those of preoutbreak reference O104 strains, prescribing a solitary source clonal episode, predictable with the epidemiological confirmation. On 10 June, sprouts of fenugreek seeds foreign made from Egypt were declared by the German powers as the offender wellspring of sullying in this episode. On the other hand, none of the sprout mixtures (seeds) tried positive for O104:h4.            The force of the study of disease transmission contrasted and a microbiological methodology was highlighted by the failure to develop the scourge strain from any of the examined sprouts or from the sprout seeds which were taken from the handling chain. Growth of the strain was just conceivable in a couple of situations where back defilement was quite likely, for example, an opened bundle of sprouts from a family unit with illness. Because of the practically all around utilized society based identification routines for plagues, this disappointment speaks to an observation issue for health and sustenance security dominant voices as a rule. The issue could be brought on by the low irresistible measurements of the pathogen, its rot in nourishment at the minute of examination, or a particular physiological state of microbes characterized as suitable however nonculturable (VBNC). Numerous diverse bacterial species, incorporating E. coli, enter this Vbnc state as a reacti on to distressing ecological conditions (Ihssen et al 2010:125). Microbes in the Vbnc state don’t develop on microbiological media however recapture cultivability when revived after stretch alleviation. In fact, O104:h4 entered this Vbnc state when presented to supplement poor conditions, poisonous amassings of copper particles, or faucet water. Soothing the anxiety by copper particle chelating encouraged the revival of O104:h4. Be that as it may, these trials ought to be translated with forethought, since there is so far no immediate confirm that E.coli O104:h4 is found in the VBNC state in nature.            The epidemiological investigation of first fundamentally sustenance borne tainting gets to be much more troublesome when the starting pathogen transmission by means of the evolved way of life is traded by human-to-human transmission. Human-to-human transmission is known to happen in the ballpark of 20% of families with an O157:h7 essential patient. Optional family transmission from mature person patients was likewise prescribed for O104:h4 contaminations in France and The Netherlands, fundamentally dependent upon the perception of deferred onset contrasted with the brooding time of 7 to 9 days for O104:h4 contaminations. Optional transmissions were additionally reported in Hessen, Germany, which is arranged outside of the primary plague center in northern Germany (Todar 2012:38). The study recorded transmission in families, the healing facility, and the microbiological research center.            Health officials in Germany faced a lot of difficulties in isolating the causative organism mainly due to its versatile nature. Based on the investigations carried out during the German epidemic, there are two major distinct pathotypes of the E.coli bacteria namely enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.coli. It becomes even more difficult to control the E.coli bacteria if the virulence genes are located in the mobile elements of the DNA. Based on this, E. coli outbreaks in Germany, Oregon and Michigan are not the last. This calls for the microbiological community to carryout more research and ensure that the E.coli strains are sequenced on time and in an open way (Peter et al 2011:84). In Germany, the annotation of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak was carried out in a community-wide approach through the use of the internet. It brought together bioinformaticians from all corners of the world working day and night to sequence the genomes. Some of the international health organizations that were involved in handling the outbreak were the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the world health organization (WHO). The main role of a UK Local Authority based Environmental Health Practitioner would have been control the spread of the bacteria by isolating all infected animals and farm produce. Lessons from the 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany            There are a number of lessons that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany. To begin with, there is need to come up with more safe ways of growing foods especially fruits and vegetables. The investigations into the cause of the 2011 E. coli outbreak established the presence of certain strains of the bacteria in a number of vegetables and not on sprouts alone. This raised the question of E. coli prevalence in the European fresh produce (Russo 2003:4). The second lesson that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany is the need for better communication incase any harmful bacteria are found in foods. After the E. coli outbreak, the German government came under a lot of criticism for taking too long to announce the outbreak. The government took too long before it took the report to the Roberth Koch Institute (RKI) (Todar 2012:83). Many of the infections and deaths that resulted from the outbreak could have been avoided had the government w arned the people on time. Based on this, it is important for governments all over the world to have an efficient E.coli surveillance and warning system. The final lesson that can be learnt from the E.coli epidemic in Germany is the need to ensure food safety both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that the 2011 epidemic was concentrated in one area, it had global impacts. According to investigations, the sprout seeds found in the implicated farm were found to have originated from Asia, southern Europe and Germany. It is important for countries to raise food safety standards mostly in free markets like the European Union. References Benzer S 1961, ‘On the Topography of the Genetic Fine Structure’,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A Bill Marler & Marler Clark 2012,’German E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak – $2.84 Billion in Human Damage’  : Food Poison Journal Connolly, Allison 2008)’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœE. Coli Outbreak Kills One More Patient as Source Eludes Investigators’, Bloomberg Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Dilettoso S, Tanner C, Wacker M, Thà ¶ny-Meyer L. 2010,’Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli’, Microbial Cell Factories Lawrence JG, Ochman H, 1998, ‘Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome’.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Lan R, Reeves PR 2002, ‘Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella’,  Microbes Infect. Lee SY 1996, ‘High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli’,  Trends BiotechnolPeter Walker, Adam Gabbatt and agencies 2011,’E coli: European commissioner suggests  £135m payout for farmers | World news’,  The Guardian Russo E 2003,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe birth of biotechnology’,  Nature Todar, K.2012,’Pathogenic  E. coli’.  Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology Source document

Toy Evaluation

Toy Evaluation Aim: My aim for this toy evaluation is to find out as much information for each toy. Name: Baby Matt Age Range: 0 to 9 months Name: Baby Matt Age Range: 0 to 9 months Skills Learnt: * Colour recoinision * Palmer grasp * Pincer grasp * Rolloing over * Shapes/ animal reconigtion Skills Learnt: * Colour recoinision * Palmer grasp * Pincer grasp * Rolloing over * Shapes/ animal reconigtion With 3 detachable soft toys and a removable arch, perfect for entertaining your baby. The Blossom Farm 2 in 1 Baby Gym is a delightful cushioned play centre for your new baby.It's two in one – first, a baby gym with soft-toy mobile arch, and second, a large playmat. It's also great for using inside your baby's cot, so they can explore as they rest. The three detachable soft toys – Clover the cow, Cloppy the pony, and two bright fabric flowers – jingle, crinkle, squeak, rattle and include a baby-safe mirror, providing plenty of interest for your newborn. Quick facts: †¢Baby gym converts to playmat †¢3 detachable soft toys with textures and sounds †¢Removable arch †¢Great for lying, sitting, kicking and stretching †¢Baby-safe mirror Great for your child’s development:The Blossom Farm 2 in 1 Baby Gym is a lovely, cosy place for your baby to relax – lying, sitting, kicking and stretching. The different colours, textures and sounds of the 3 detachable toys will keep your baby entertained and encourage them to discover their hands and senses. As your baby grows, the mat is great for tummy time play and gives them the space to roll over and discover what's around them. With 3 detachable soft toys and a removable arch, perfect for entertaining your baby. The Blossom Farm 2 in 1 Baby Gym is a delightful cushioned play centre for your new baby.It's two in one – first, a baby gym with soft-toy mobile arch, and second, a large playmat. It's also great for using inside your baby's cot, so they can explore as the y rest. The three detachable soft toys – Clover the cow, Cloppy the pony, and two bright fabric flowers – jingle, crinkle, squeak, rattle and include a baby-safe mirror, providing plenty of interest for your newborn. Quick facts: †¢Baby gym converts to playmat †¢3 detachable soft toys with textures and sounds †¢Removable arch †¢Great for lying, sitting, kicking and stretching †¢Baby-safe mirror Great for your child’s development:The Blossom Farm 2 in 1 Baby Gym is a lovely, cosy place for your baby to relax – lying, sitting, kicking and stretching. The different colours, textures and sounds of the 3 detachable toys will keep your baby entertained and encourage them to discover their hands and senses. As your baby grows, the mat is great for tummy time play and gives them the space to roll over and discover what's around them. Risk assessment Risk assessment Conclusion I really Like this toy and I think that it will be perfect to u se in my first Visit seeing as I had the lowest Age group range. I think Alice will enjoy this activity a lot.Its quite a P. I. L. E. S rounded Toy that will show off her abilities to me so I can see how far she has developed. Conclusion I really Like this toy and I think that it will be perfect to use in my first Visit seeing as I had the lowest Age group range. I think Alice will enjoy this activity a lot. Its quite a P. I. L. E. S rounded Toy that will show off her abilities to me so I can see how far she has developed. Toy Evaluation Aim: My aim for this toy evaluation is to find out as much information for each toy. Name: V tech Soft Singing phone Age Range: 3 months to 5 years Name: V tech Soft Singing phoneAge Range: 3 months to 5 years Skills Learnt * Cooing and babbling * Using a telephone * Using their voice * Imagination * Simulates the ears Skills Learnt * Cooing and babbling * Using a telephone * Using their voice * Imagination * Simulates the ears Risk Assesment Risk A ssesment Soft pink fabric phone with non-breakable mirror, rolling beads, flashing lights, textured material and chunky buttons. Features animal sound effects and songs. Soft pink fabric phone with non-breakable mirror, rolling beads, flashing lights, textured material and chunky buttons. Features animal sound effects and songs.Conclusion I think That Alice Will really enjoy this toy because it makes a lot of noises and will be very interesting for her to play with. Also it’s not Hard all the way round so if she lets go of it she won’t hurt herself. This toy is mainly focusing on Alice’s intellectual and language development. Although it does focus on her fine motor skills also. Conclusion I think That Alice Will really enjoy this toy because it makes a lot of noises and will be very interesting for her to play with. Also it’s not Hard all the way round so if she lets go of it she won’t hurt herself.This toy is mainly focusing on Alice’s int ellectual and language development. Although it does focus on her fine motor skills also. Toy Evaluation Aim: My aim for this toy evaluation is to find out as much information for each toy. Name: V-tech Baby walker Age Range: from 6 months Name: V-tech Baby walker Age Range: from 6 months Skills learnt: * Physical Development * Intellectual development * Creativity * Instills confidence * Sound/ noise recognition * Noise and letter knowledge Skills learnt: * Physical Development * Intellectual development * Creativity * Instills confidence * Sound/ noise recognition Noise and letter knowledge Sturdy design to support and encourage your baby’s first steps. Features a detachable learning centre packed with activities. Shapes and light-up musical keys introduce letters, words, numbers, animals, colours, sing-along songs and melodies. Moving butterfly, discs and rollers develop manipulative skills plus a removable rattling phone is great for role-play. Textured wheels, easy grip handle and durable design ensure baby gets ample support for taking those first steps. Assembles very easily and can be stored away in small spaces. Quick facts: †¢Best selling baby walker. Detachable learning centre introduces letters, words, numbers, shapes, animals and colours. †¢Light-up music buttons and melodies stimulate senses. †¢Moving butterfly, puppy button, discs and roller develop manipulative skills. †¢Removable rattling phone is great for role-play. †¢Develops walking motor skills and hand-eye co-ordination. Great for your child's development. Sturdy design to support and encourage your baby’s first steps. Features a detachable learning centre packed with activities. Shapes and light-up musical keys introduce letters, words, numbers, animals, colours, sing-along songs and melodies.Moving butterfly, discs and rollers develop manipulative skills plus a removable rattling phone is great for role-play. Textured wheels, easy grip handle and durable design ensure baby gets ample support for taking those first steps. Assembles very easily and can be stored away in small spaces. Quick facts: †¢Best selling baby walker. †¢Detachable learning centre introduces letters, words, numbers, shapes, animals and colours. †¢Light-up music buttons and melodies stimulate senses. †¢Moving butterfly, puppy button, discs and roller develop manipulative skills. †¢Removable rattling phone is great for role-play. Develops walking motor skills and hand-eye co-ordination. Great for your child's development. Risk assessment: Risk assessment: Conclusion This toy will really show me her physical skills and help develop her walking. I think this toy will have to be the third or fourth toy that I do in my visits because of the higher age range. Conclusion This toy will really show me her physical skills and help develop her walking. I think this toy will have to be the third or fourth toy that I do in my visits because of the higher age range. Toy Evaluation Name : Wooden Toddle Truck Age Range: wooden blocks 3 months+Push along cart: 9 months+ Name : Wooden Toddle Truck Age Range: wooden blocks 3 months+ Push along cart: 9 months+ Aim: My aim for this toy evaluation is to find out as much information for each toy. Skills learnt: The Wooden Toddle Truck helps your young child feel confident about standing up and trying to walk. Your child can hold on to the handle, and feel safe about standing up and walking along. This classic wooden walker also comes with blocks that your child can play and build with. Building with blocks gives your child hands-on experience of shapes and also helps them develop good fine motor skills.The Wooden Toddle Truck is a great toy for helping your baby become a toddler, and for helping your toddler become a really confident walker. Skills learnt: The Wooden Toddle Truck helps your young child feel confident about standing up and trying to walk. Your child can hold on to t he handle, and feel safe about standing up and walking along. This classic wooden walker also comes with blocks that your child can play and build with. Building with blocks gives your child hands-on experience of shapes and also helps them develop good fine motor skills.The Wooden Toddle Truck is a great toy for helping your baby become a toddler, and for helping your toddler become a really confident walker. The Wooden Toddle Truck is a classic walker with secure non-slip wheels. It comes with 24 bricks, and helps your child take their first steps. The Wooden Toddle Truck is a classic wooden walker that your young child can enjoy pulling up on. The Wooden Toddle Truck has a sturdy handle so your child can enjoy a secure grip. When your child is ready to take their first steps, they can push the sturdy Wooden Toddle Truck along for support.It has non-slip wheels and the truck comes with 24 blocks, which add stability to the walker. Your toddler can also enjoy transporting, building and playing with the blocks. The Wooden Toddle Truck is a timeless toy which helps your young child to pull up and start to walk in confidence. As they grow, your child can enjoy pushing the truck around wherever they like, and they can use it to move their favourite toys around too. Quick facts: †¢Wooden Toddle Truck: a classic wooden walker †¢Great for building walking confidence †¢24 shaped and coloured blocks Fun for toddlers to push around The Wooden Toddle Truck is a classic walker with secure non-slip wheels. It comes with 24 bricks, and helps your child take their first steps. The Wooden Toddle Truck is a classic wooden walker that your young child can enjoy pulling up on. The Wooden Toddle Truck has a sturdy handle so your child can enjoy a secure grip. When your child is ready to take their first steps, they can push the sturdy Wooden Toddle Truck along for support. It has non-slip wheels and the truck comes with 24 blocks, which add stability to the walker .Your toddler can also enjoy transporting, building and playing with the blocks. The Wooden Toddle Truck is a timeless toy which helps your young child to pull up and start to walk in confidence. As they grow, your child can enjoy pushing the truck around wherever they like, and they can use it to move their favourite toys around too. Quick facts: †¢Wooden Toddle Truck: a classic wooden walker †¢Great for building walking confidence †¢24 shaped and coloured blocks †¢Fun for toddlers to push around Conclusion: I think this toy would be really good as my final visit.It will show me her Physical development both gross motor skills (walking) and fine motor skills (pointing at blocks) it will also show me here creativity by stacking them up. It will also show me some of her social skills like playing co-operatively and sharing. Conclusion: I think this toy would be really good as my final visit. It will show me her Physical development both gross motor skills (walking ) and fine motor skills (pointing at blocks) it will also show me here creativity by stacking them up. It will also show me some of her social skills like playing co-operatively and sharing. Toy Evaluation 1. I did my research on toys at Target. What I discovered was that mostly all gender-neutral toys have to do with educational toys and toys for children whose mindset does not see that’s a girl or boy toy. All the gender-neutral toys were colorful, but mostly used green, blue, yellow, and red colors, thus making targeting boys and girls. What I found in the masculine toy section was that mostly all the toys were blue, black, or dark colors. Lots of toys promoted violence like the Nerf guns and Power Ranger toys with their swords and killing the bad guys.They also promoted sports balls and cars only in the boy section when girls can play with these as well. What I found interesting is that they had Jake and the Neverland Pirates toys and in that show they have a girl pirate, but her toy was nowhere to be found. They had dress up things for boys, but they only involved mostly hand accessories, like The Hulk hands and Wreck it Ralph hands, which are used to hit people. Lego toys were mostly all cars, airplanes, and superheroes they did not involve any kind of home making.Another thing the boy section had was a â€Å"boy dollhouse†, which was a joker jail for batman to lock up the joker. I like how they make is seems as if it is not a dollhouse. Now the feminine toy section was so bright and pink, no other colors were really used, but pink. Mostly all the toys in this section promoted home making due to the fact that all the baby dolls had accessories such as strollers, swing, carriers, high chair, play pen, bottles, play food. The play food was even in a pink box. Dress up clothes involved full outfits only dresses, crowns, jewelry, high heels, and hairpieces.The Lego toys all involved pink colors and houses with moms, babies, and dad’s hardly any other variation of play. I also found the Bratz dolls to be very interesting and very grown up for little girls. The Bratz dolls were wearing very sexy clothing like very short skirts, shirts, high h eels, and make-up. They are very sexy and glamorous almost trying to have girls grow up fast. I feel as if these dolls should be in a more grown up section for girls. 2. The toys that promoted violence were only in the masculine/boy section at Target.I would say about 90% of the toys that promoted violence had to do with a movie or T. V. show. The movies would be The Hulk, Spiderman, Wreck it Ralph, Iron Man, and Batman. The shows that promoted violence were Power Rangers, Ninjago, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The other 10% would be Nerf guns or just guns in general that boys can play with to shoot each other. I find this very disturbing given the fact that there have been so many shootings in school and it has been found that boys tend to shoot up schools more than a girl would, thus you would think they would try to pull them from the toy section.Also, I know a lot of this has to do with money and that is why they do not pull it from the shelves because boys want to be superh eroes and do everything they see on TV. I also do not understand why they do not promote these kinds of toys to girls because girls enjoy these things as well. 3. The feminine toys that promote pro-social behavior would be the baby dolls and the accessories that come with the toy. These dolls promote girls to act as mothers and take care of the baby doll as a mother would take care of their children.This shows girls how to be caretakers. The dress up clothes also promotes pro-social behavior by showing them that girls need to be dressed pretty and look and act like princess, thus girls are prompted to always look there best. In the masculine toy section the sports balls promote pro social behavior by telling boys that they have to know how to play sports and be active. The guns promote violence, showing boys that they have to be tough and protect themselves. I feel as if pro social behavior is used toward feminine toys more than boy toys. 4.At target what I encountered was that all the gender-neutral toys were mixed in with the infant and toddler toys. The gender-neutral section was followed by the very bright and pink feminine toy section, which is filled with rows of dolls, princesses, girly animals, dress up clothes, and kitchen supplies. After the feminine toy section the masculine toy section followed which were displayed in three rows of blue and dark colors filled with action figures. After the boy toy section was done it lead right to the Lego’s, Bikes, and sports section.I find this interesting because the sections that follow the boy section are still considered masculine products. 5. I feel as if the toy sections do not promote a variety of cultures and ethnicities. The girl section promotes Hispanic and African Americans because they have Dora dolls, and African American dolls. The boy section is mostly action figures and I do not think that boys relate action figures to their culture or ethnicity at a young age. These toy sections promote g ender more than cultures and ethnicities.The toy sections do promote stereotypes because mostly all the girl section is pink and home making things, indicating that girls should like the color pink and should learn at a young age how to be a homemaker/mother. The stereotype for boys is very bad because they promote violence with the action figures and guns. They do not promote any type of responsibility for boys like they do for girls with the home making toy items. Since, the toy sections are gender identified, they should promote responsibilities for boys such as cutting the grass, building things, working on cars.These are all stereotypes, but at least they can learn responsibility and it is like the home making things that are promoted to the girls. 6. Mostly all the toys I observed were for ages 5-7 years of age. I do not agree with this age limit when it comes to the Nerf guns and swords. I feel that children should not be able to play with guns at such a young age when there brain has not fully developed because they do not fully understand what a gun can do and how they can harm themselves and others.I think guns should come with warning labels and parents should teach their kids about them when they can fully understand what they can do. Another toy I did not agree with was the Bratz doll. They were for ages 5-7 and I feel they put that age because at 5 years of age you know not to put things in your mouth rather than putting an age on it for girls that are developed enough to know that the dolls are make believe and you should not want to be or dress like them. These dolls are very sexy, wear lots of make-up, and seem like they are rebellious.I feel these dolls are for older girls because their brains are more developed and they would know what is right for them and not want to be a follower, thus these dolls should either be changed or given a warning label for parents because they are very sexy to me. 7. What I learned about children’s toys in doing this assignment is that the ages on some of these toys should be changed due to brain development not if a child can choke or play correctly with the toy. As a mother I would not let my daughter buy certain toys and I will not allow my son to play with guns.I tend to buy gender-neutral toys so that way once my son is born he can play with his sister. Another thing I learned is that there is not much at Target involving gender-neutral toys, maybe I should start a gender-neutral toy line and see how that goes. All in all I feel toy lines are in it for the money they want to get children’s attention and take into consideration what a parent will buy their child, so in order to change this people in a society need to change in order for toy line makers to change as well.